英语词源杂谈

holmessir 发表于2017年01月12日

最近闲暇之余，一直在读一些英语词源方面的书，一方面是因为本人对英语的起源颇感兴趣，另一方面也是因为穷根究底是我的习惯。鉴于才疏学浅，对于语言学缺乏相关背景和深入研究，故此文仅作杂谈，供诸位探讨、斧正。 一、英语の演变简史（A Brief History of English Evolution） 学过英语的朋友，可能对于英语的起源并不陌生，英语是盎格鲁撒克逊人的民族语。但是盎格鲁撒克逊人其实是日耳曼人，属于西日耳曼一支。所以，按道理来说英语应该和德语更接近，但是现代英语的语法与德语的差别却很大。这是为什么呢？其实，如果研究过古英语，就会发现古英语确实和德语更为接近，但是后来大量的法语和拉丁语词汇涌入英语，使得现代英语和古英语差别很大。现代英语的根源并不是一目了然的，其背后融合着拉丁语、法语、斯堪的纳维亚与以及其他语言。 好，让我们简单地回顾下英语形成和发展的曲折历史。 大不列颠岛的原著居民本来是凯尔特人，英文名字叫做Celt, 他们是西欧最古老的土著居民之一，其语言为凯尔特语。从语言学上来说，印欧语系下面的凯尔特语族，凯尔特语族其下又可分大陆凯尔特语支、盖尔语支、不列颠语支，其中盖尔语支中包括了爱尔兰语，不列颠语支中包括了在英国南部流行的威尔士语（这下明白为什么威尔士语听起来怪怪的吧）。在神圣罗马帝国时期，大约公元前55年，尤里乌斯▪凯撒率军入侵了英伦岛，于是拉丁语词汇开始流入凯尔特语。而在罗马帝国分崩离析之后，盎格鲁人、萨克逊人趁机入侵不列颠岛，这几支部族都是日耳曼人，从此English开始形成，作为盎格鲁-撒克逊人的语言。这就不难理解为什么古英语和德语非常接近，都有着复杂的屈折词尾，而这一点在现代英语中几乎消失。这一时期的英语应为古英语（old English）。<img src="https://nos.netease.com/edu-image/e8d3d347-a31d-4501-9f6f-4074e8ce52de.jpg?imageView&thumbnail=520x520&quality=100" /> 接下来，我们要谈谈英语中第二次日耳曼化的重要时刻，即维京海盗的入侵。从公元8世纪末开始，来自北欧的维京海盗给英国人带来了深重的灾难，在长达200-300年的时间里，英国人和维京人一直进行着时断时续的战争。维京人属于北日耳曼人，他们所说的斯堪的纳维亚语则属于北日耳曼语。在现在的英语里，仍然可以看到很多词汇有着斯堪的纳维亚语的影子，比如anger, bag, knife, gift，bloom, skill, take等等许多词汇都受到了斯堪的纳维亚语的影响。从另一角度来说，斯堪的纳维亚语言的入侵，大大地丰富了古英语的词汇，改造了其语法结构，为后世英语能够大量吸收其他语言词汇打下了良好的基础。 <img src="https://nos.netease.com/edu-image/2121610f-c259-4e22-8d27-36781644ded0.jpg?imageView&thumbnail=520x520&quality=100" /> 到了公元1066年，法国的诺曼底公爵率军侵入英国，镇压了反抗的英军，后成功在英国加冕，成为大名鼎鼎的威廉一世，即著名的“征服者威廉”。英国的盎格鲁-撒克逊时代终结，与此同时，属于拉丁语系的法语开始大量地进入英语，全面改造和提升英语，至此迈进了英语的中古时代，我们称之为“中古英语”（Middle English）。当时，法语成为上流社会和贵族的语言，只有在民间底层人民处才可见到古英语的踪迹。从9世纪到14世纪，法语是英国的官方语言，从国王王后到宫廷成员、贵族都说法语，著名的狮心王理查据说一辈子没说过英语。当时法语进入英语的词汇非常多，总共有一万多，而古英语的词汇不过五六千而已。今天我们看到的英语词汇，尤其是美食、艺术、时装类的，往往来自法语，比如ballet芭蕾， cafe咖啡， genre类型, entrepreneur企业家，等等。<img src="https://nos.netease.com/edu-image/6bcccff8-0fdd-4870-be84-4af1e19aab29.jpg?imageView&thumbnail=520x520&quality=100" /> 15世纪之后，英国上层社会仍以说法语和拉丁语为主。这个时期著名的作家，如乔叟，他的作品比如《坎特伯雷故事集》的语言风格仍是偏向中古英语的。但是，英国的文学家已经开始使用英语著述，到了16世纪末，英语写作已经很普遍了。在文艺复兴时期，现代英语的奠基人，毫无疑问，是伟大的莎士比亚先生。当然，莎翁作品的语言与现代英语还是有一定区别，我们看到他经常用些thy, thee, thou这些词，莎士比亚时期的英语不妨称作近代英语。 到了现代，因为英国国力的强盛，以及后来取代它地位的美国，同样是英语国家，英语成为了全世界通用的语言。同时，它兼收并蓄，海纳百川，继续从其他语言借入词汇，比如意大利语、希腊语、西班牙语、日语、汉语等。 二、一些英文字母、词汇的趣谈（Some Interesting Facts about English Alphabet & Vocabulary） 我们知道很多古文字都有象形的特点，比如中国的甲骨文。其实，英语字母也起源于象形，每个字母一开始都是描述某种动物或物体的形状，最后图形再逐渐演变成符号。英文字母，一般认为来自古希腊文字，而古希腊字母又是从腓尼基人那儿借过来的。比如，英文字母A，在腓尼基字母表中读作aleph, 写起来像字母V中间再加一横，代表牛头或牛角，牛代表财富，这大概就是这个字母排在第一位的原因。希腊人将它倒过来写，就成了A。关于其他字母也有很多故事，这里我推荐两本书——《英语词源趣谈》、《伟大的字母：从A到Z字母表的辉煌历史》。<img src="https://nos.netease.com/edu-image/bc4f7f24-2171-4312-9211-5670abbd3c96.jpg?imageView&thumbnail=520x520&quality=100" /> 了解词源之后，有些单词就显得那么生动活泼。比如，我们说salt, 盐在古罗马的时候其实是用来支付给士兵的薪水；关税tariff, 源自占领直布罗陀海峡入口的一位司令官的名字Tarifa, 这位Tarifa长期盘踞重要关口，吃拿卡要——此路是我开，此树是我栽，要想从此过，留下买路钱，因此过往客商便把这种税成为tariff, 由此而来；再比如muscle, 来自拉丁语的musculus，意思是小老鼠，因为古人觉得肌肉一跳一跳的，像极了老鼠。再有背GRE单词时背到的serendipity一词，表示一种发现奇珍异事的本领或者说机缘巧合，来自于斯里兰卡的一个故事，据说有三位波斯王子结伴来Serendip(锡兰，斯里兰卡旧称)，一路上不断发现各种奇异的事物。 三、没有结束的结尾（An Open-ended Conclusion） 关于词源，还有数不尽的有趣的词汇和故事，然而在这篇文章里是说不完也不可能说完的。我们的语言是人类发明创造，然后代代相传、演化下来的，它不是一本生硬死板的语法词汇书，而是一段又一段活生生的历史，正因为如此，它才显得如此有趣，才值得我们去追根究底。下面推荐个人看过的几本词源方面的书、网站：1、庄和诚《英语词源趣谈》 2、蒋争《英语词汇的奥秘》 3、David Sacks《伟大的字母：从A到Z字母表的辉煌历史》4、Word Power Made Easy 5、<a href="https://www.etymonline.com" >https://www.etymonline.com</a>

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holmessir 发表于2017年01月12日

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原发表于奖学金讨论区，<a href="https://www.icourse163.org/forum/1001974001/topic-1003161823.htm?sortType=1&pageIndex=1" >https://www.icourse163.org/forum/1001974001/topic-1003161823.htm?sortType=1&pageIndex=1</a> ，现搬运到英语讨论区~

holmessir 发表于2017年01月12日

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Kitty007 发表于2017年01月14日

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赞                  赞赞

Kitty007 发表于2017年01月14日

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并州徐霞客发表于2017年01月14日

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感谢发表。

并州徐霞客发表于2017年01月14日

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k1269250713841165324 发表于2020年06月17日

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k1269250713841165324 发表于2020年06月18日

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k1269250713841165324 发表于2020年06月21日

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k1269250713841165324 发表于2020年06月21日

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酒酿橘子蛋糕发表于2020年09月01日

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酒酿橘子蛋糕发表于2020年09月01日

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mooc28688771641420860 发表于2020年09月01日

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mooc28688771641420860 发表于2020年09月02日

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酒酿橘子蛋糕发表于2020年09月02日

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酒酿橘子蛋糕发表于2020年09月02日

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mooc28688771641420860 发表于2020年09月07日

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mooc28688771641420860 发表于2020年09月07日

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mooc28688771641420860 发表于2020年09月07日

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mooc28688771641420860 发表于2020年09月07日

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酒酿橘子蛋糕发表于2020年09月07日

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酒酿橘子蛋糕发表于2020年09月07日

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k1263136862509695378 发表于2020年09月11日

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k1263136862509695378 发表于2020年09月11日

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mooc28688771641420860 发表于2020年09月22日

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mooc28688771641420860 发表于2020年09月22日

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mooc28688771641420860 发表于2020年09月22日

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mooc28688771641420860 发表于2020年09月22日

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酒酿橘子蛋糕发表于2020年09月24日

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酒酿橘子蛋糕发表于2020年09月24日

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